CORUNDUM (RUBY AND SAPPHIRES) AS USED IN ESTATE JEWELRY AND VINTAGE JEWELRY

FORMATION
Rubies and Sapphires are both from the same mineral, corundum, and they have the same physical characteristics. Color is what separates ruby from sapphire. Rubies are limited to red, where as sapphires may come in a variety of colors - except red. Sapphires in colors other than blue are called "fancy" colors. Sapphires are more commonly found than rubies and are generally larger crystals.

BIRTHSTONE AND ANNIVERSARY
Ruby is the birthstone for January and is the gemstone used to celebrate the 15th and 40th anniversaries.

Sapphires are the birthstone for September and the gemstone used for celebrating the 5th and 45th anniversaries.

RECORD SALE PRICE PER CARAT
The record setting price per carat for a ruby in a piece of estate jewelry was achieved through Christie's sale on February 2006 in Geneva. A Bulgari designed ring, The Graff Ruby, sold for $3,637,480 USD. This cushion-cut, Burmese 8.62 carat ruby ring, sold for $425,000USD per carat.

ORIGIN OF NAME
Ruby is derived from the Latin word "rubeus", which means red. "Sapphire" is from the Greek word that means blue.

VIEW OUR RUBY ESTATE JEWELRY COLLECTION
Estate Jewelry Double Ruby Diamond Platinum 18KT Gold Band
Antique Natural Ruby Diamond Dinner Ring
Estate Jewelry LeVian ruby diamond flower white gold ring
Vintage Gucci Ruby Diamond Gold Bracelet
Estate 3/4 Carat Oval Ruby Diamond Ring
Retro Estate Ruby and Diamond Rose Colored 14KT Gold Ring
Retro Star Gold Necklace
X Ruby Gold Ring
Antique Ruby Diamond Ring
Big Opal Ruby Ring
Carved Lapis Floral Brooch
Ruby Baby Shoe Pendant
Square Ruby Diamond Ring
Vintage Ruby Diamond Gold Band
Emis Beros Turquoise Ruby Diamond Earrings
Vintage Ruby Cabochon Earrings
Vintage Ruby Diamond White Gold Ring

VIEW OUR SAPPHIRE ESTATE JEWELRY COLLECTION

Chaumet Paris Sapphire - Vintage Signed and Numbered Blue Sapphire 750 Ring
2 Carat Yellow Sapphire Diamond Engagement Ring
Estate Jewelry Cornflower Blue Diamond Huggie 18kt White Gold Earrings
1930s Big Blue Sapphire Wedding Ring
Purple blue estate jewelry sapphire diamond ring Yellow Gold
Antique Sapphire Platinum Ring
Estate Blue Sapphire Pin Cushion Ring in 18KT Gold
Retro Estate Yellow Sapphire and Pearl 14KT Ring
Pink Sapphire Diamond Bow Ring
Deco Sapphire Diamond Ring
Antique Style Sapphire Diamond Filigree Ring
Blue Sapphire Platinum Pendant
Deco Blue Sapphire Cabochon Carved Flower Diamond Pendant Earrings
Diamond Sapphire Filigree Ring
Blue Sapphire Diamond Pierced Earrings
LeVian Aquamarine Sapphire Ring
Pink Sapphire Baby Shoe Pendant
Blue Sapphire Baby Shoe Charm
Sapphire Diamond Cluster Dinner Ring
Vintage Dark Blue Sapphire Diamond Ring
Vintage Diamond Sapphire Wedding Band
Vintage Diamond Sapphire Wedding Set
Yellow Sapphire Bow Shoe Charm
Big Colorful Estate Multi Stone Ring
Ceylon Violet Blue Sapphire Diamond Ring
Estate Blue Sapphire and Diamond Ring 14kt White Gold
Estate Sapphire Buckle Ring
Sapphire Filigree Engagement Ring
Purple Sapphire Pearl Ring
Estate Snake Blue Sapphire Cabochon Ring

GREAT IMPOSTERS
Many other stones have often been considered to be rubies or sapphires, when they were judged by their color. Many of the famous rubies have turned out to be spinel. The Black Prince Ruby, the Timur Ruby and the Cote de Bretagne Ruby all turned out to be spinel instead of ruby. The ruby called the "Catherine the Great Ruby" was in fact tourmaline.

HISTORY
The use of sapphires dates back to the seventeenth century BC, when it was used by the Etruscans. During medieval times sapphire was used for kings in Europe. In the eleventh century it was often used for ecclesiastic rings. During the renaissance both rubies and sapphires were chosen by those that could afford the gemstones.

ESTATE JEWELRY AND ANTIQUE JEWELRY USAGE
During the Victorian Jewelry Period, rubies and sapphires were used for jewelry making jewelry. Art Deco Jewelry Designers frequently used rubies and sapphires. The Retro Modern Jewelry Period often used a mixture of rubies and sapphires.

LEGENDS - RUBIES
Rubies were considered by the early Burmese to bring invulnerability when the ruby was inserted into the bearer's flesh. During the 16th century, it was considered that rubies would preserve health, remove evil thoughts, reconcile disputes or warn that there was impending danger.

LEGENDS - SAPPHIRES
Sapphires were believed to protect king's from harm and envious people. In thirteenth century France, the stone was believed to prevent poverty.

LEGENDS - STAR SAPPHIRE
The star sapphire has been called the stone of destiny, because its three crossed lines represent hope, faith and destiny.

FORMATION
High temperature metamorphism of claystones and limestones can form corundum. Sapphires are also found in some quartz-free igneous rocks. After weather, corundum will concentrate in placer gravels.
Most rubies are found in Thailand, near the Cambodian border. The finest rubies are from the Mogok region of Myanmar. True Burmese rubies are a fine, deep red, called pigeon blood.

Rubies are amongst the most coveted of colored gemstones and are often associated with passion, warmth and devotion. Corundum is the name given to ruby and sapphire, although ruby is colored by chromium and blue sapphire by a combination of iron and titanium.

EVALUATION
The ruby's rich color, often described as 'pigeon's blood' red, is the most coveted. Clarity is also an essential ingredient of beauty and sometimes there are fine needles within the stone that reflect the light and give it a hazy shimmer at the surface.

AREAS FOUND
The traditional sources for rubies are Burma (now Myanmar ), Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) and Siam
(Thailand). The Mogok mining region of Upper Burma is synonymous with the very finest gems. Vietnam and East Africa also produce fine stones. Kashmir sapphires were first discovered in 1881, due to a landslide in a village at 5000 meters. Sri Lanka has been an excellent source for sapphires for over 2000 years.

HARDNESS
With a hardness of 9, on the Mohr's Scale, rubies and sapphires are harder than all other gems except diamonds. Their hardness and lack of cleavage makes them very strong. Corundum is often heat treated. It is estimated that 90% of sapphires are heat treated. In rubies, it is common to fill fractures with oil, epoxy or glass. Often you will see irradiation done to change colorless sapphires to yellow or orange.

ESTATE JEWELRY AND ANTIQUE JEWELRY CARE INSTRUCTIONS
Because yellow or orange sapphires are often treated they may be sensitive to light and may fade when exposed to frequent sunlight. Exposure to cleansing agents, even mild soaps, can cause the sealants to fail leaving the stone with a matt or dull finish. Rubies and sapphires in rings should always be removed prior to washing one's hands, cleaning house or swimming. Likewise, ultra-sonic cleanings are generally safe if stones are not filled, flawed or cavity filled.

CORUNDUM VARIETIES:

RUBIES: red corundum. in general the highest qualities of rubies come from the Mogok region in Myanmar. Rubies are also found in Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Tanzania and Madagascar. Generally the most valued stones will have a high translucent quality and minimal spots or discoloration. A fine colored ruby is of high value even if a blemish may be seen. High quality rubies should have color that is good in any light. Rubies with intense and uniform red to slightly purplish red (the pigeon blood ruby) demand the highest price. Large rubies are more rare than large diamonds. Rubies are very frequently heat treated to improve color and clarity. Rubies are often given diffusion treatments to which include glass fillings and red oils or dyes.

SAPPHIRE: in general blue or violet blue are considered the more valuable sapphires. A blue-green sapphire is considered less valuable. Medium to deep cornflower-blue sapphires demand the highest price in sapphires. In addition to color, to demand the highest price it is important for a sapphire to be even in color. Kashmir sapphire are generally considered to be the best and the most valuable. Sapphires are found in Kashmir, Madagascar, Australia, Thailand, Cambodia, US, China, Sri Lanka and Burma. Most sapphires come from Madagascar. Sapphire are often heat treated to improve color or clarity. The lowest quality and lower priced sapphires come from Australia, as they are generally dark and opaque.

PADPARADSCHA: this is a rare gemstone, it is the most rare of the the fancy colored sapphires. This sapphire is a pinkish-orange color. Often an orange sapphire will be miscalled padparadscha, however, to be a true padparadscha sapphire it must be pinkish-orange in color. Only found in Ratnapura, Sri Lanka.

PINK SAPPHIRE: this is the second most valued of the fancy colored sapphires. Pink sapphires are often by mistake called, "rubies".

PURPLE, ORANGE, YELLOW OR GREEN SAPPHIRE: these sapphires are generally found in Thailand, Madagascar, East Africa, Sri Lanka or the US. Green sapphires are often from Australia. Natural orange is generally considered the most valuable of this group of four sapphires.

COLORLESS SAPPHIRE: These sapphires are often called white sapphires. They are created with heat by treating pale sapphires. Clear or white sapphires are now being used as a lower cost alternative to diamonds. In the sixteenth century, a colorless sapphire was considered an unripe ruby, that if it had been left alone would have matured and become a ruby.

STAR SAPPHIRE OR STAR RUBY: blue or red star sapphires are rare, they are more frequently found in black or gray.

TECHNICAL DATA
Crystal system: trigonal
Cleavage: none, twinned stones may show parting
Refractive Index 1.76 - 1.78
Double Refracting, uniaxial negative
Specific Gravity: 3.95 - 4.05

MOH's SCALE
The measure of relative hardness, Moh's Scale defines common stones and minerals for the hardness and durability. Hardness is one measure of the strength of the mineral relative to its chemical bonds. It is not the same as brittleness, which is related to the structure of the mineral. Hardness is tested by scratching. The higher the number, the harder the mineral. talc (used to write on chalkboards) is defined as the softest mineral and is given the value of 1. Diamonds are the hardest and are given the value of 10.
Moh's Scale is as follows:
1. Talc
2. Gypsum
3. Calcite
4. Fluorite
5. Apatite
window glass or a typical knife blade
6. Orthoclase
7. Quartz (amethysts and citrine)
8. Topaz
9. Corundum (rubies and sapphires)
10. Diamond

SPECIFIC GRAVITY
The specific gravity is the ration of the density of an object when compared to water. In the simplest testing, it is simply the weight of a mineral compared to its volume. The volume of the stone is measured by the amount of water in displaces.

Visit the ruby estate jewelry at Ten Two Three.

Visit the sapphire estate jewelry at Ten Two Three.